External Publications Using GUI Data

Authors	Year ↑	Title	Link	Journal/Book
Watson, D., Maître, B., Whelan, C.T., Williams, J.	2016	Child Economic Vulnerability Dynamics in the Recession	Open	Cherishing All the Children Equally? Children in Ireland 100 Years on from the Easter Rising
None of the many critical moments in Ireland’s often tumultuous history was more significant or defining than the Easter Rising of 1916. Central to the Rising was the Proclamation of Independence, in which Pádraig Pearse declared the new nation’s resolve to cherish all its children equally. CHERISHING ALL THE CHILDREN EQUALLY? brings together contributions from a range of disciplines to shed light on the processes of child development and to investigate how that development is influenced by a variety of demographic, family and socio-economic factors. Making extensive use of research and data that have emerged over recent years from the Growing Up in Ireland longitudinal study of children, the book considers whether or not all children can participate fully and equitably in contemporary Irish society. It asks whether or not we do, in fact, cherish all our children equally in modern Ireland, regardless of their family circumstances, health or ethnic background. TABLES OF CONTENTS: Introduction Changing Perceptions and Experiences of Childhood, 1916-2016 Children and Families, Then & Now Is Family Structure a Source of Inequality in Children’s Lives? Parental Investment & Child Development Inequalities in Access to Early Care and Education in Ireland Inequalities from the Start? Children’s Integration into Primary School Insights into the Prevalence of Special Educational Needs The Experiences of Migrant Children in Ireland Social Variation in Child Health & Development: A Life-course Approach Child Access to GP Services in Ireland: Do User Fees Matter? Anti-Social Behaviour at Age 13 Child Economic Vulnerability Dynamics in the Recession Concluding Observations
Williams, J., Nixon, E., Smyth, E., Watson, D.	2016	Cherishing All the Children Equally? Children in Ireland 100 Years on from the Easter Rising	Open	Cherishing All the Children Equally? Children in Ireland 100 Years on from the Easter Rising
None of the many critical moments in Ireland’s often tumultuous history was more significant or defining than the Easter Rising of 1916. Central to the Rising was the Proclamation of Independence, in which Pádraig Pearse declared the new nation’s resolve to cherish all its children equally. CHERISHING ALL THE CHILDREN EQUALLY? brings together contributions from a range of disciplines to shed light on the processes of child development and to investigate how that development is influenced by a variety of demographic, family and socio-economic factors. Making extensive use of research and data that have emerged over recent years from the Growing Up in Ireland longitudinal study of children, the book considers whether or not all children can participate fully and equitably in contemporary Irish society. It asks whether or not we do, in fact, cherish all our children equally in modern Ireland, regardless of their family circumstances, health or ethnic background. TABLES OF CONTENTS: Introduction Changing Perceptions and Experiences of Childhood, 1916-2016 Children and Families, Then & Now Is Family Structure a Source of Inequality in Children’s Lives? Parental Investment & Child Development Inequalities in Access to Early Care and Education in Ireland Inequalities from the Start? Children’s Integration into Primary School Insights into the Prevalence of Special Educational Needs The Experiences of Migrant Children in Ireland Social Variation in Child Health & Development: A Life-course Approach Child Access to GP Services in Ireland: Do User Fees Matter? Anti-Social Behaviour at Age 13 Child Economic Vulnerability Dynamics in the Recession Concluding Observations
Banks, J., Maitre, B., McCoy, S., Watson, D.	2016	Parental Educational Expectations of Children with Disabilities	Open	ESRI Research Series No.50

Cullinan J., Gillespie P.	2016	Does Overweight and Obesity Impact on Self-Rated Health? Evidence Using Instrumental Variables ordered probit Models	Open	Health Economics
This paper, for the first time, presents estimates of the causal impact of overweight and obesity on self-rated health (SRH) using instrumental variables (IV) econometric methods. While a number of previous studies have sought to better understand the determinants of SRH, there is no consensus in relation to the impact of overweight and obesity. Using data from a large nationally representative sample of Irish parents and their children, we estimate a range of ordered probit models to isolate the causal effect of overweight and obesity on SRH. Our data includes independently and objectively recorded weight and height measures for parents and their children and we instrument for parental body mass index (BMI) status using the BMI of a biological child. After controlling for a range of individual, socioeconomic, health and lifestyle related variables, we find that being overweight has a negligible impact on SRH, while being obese has a practically and statistically significant negative impact on SRH, with these effects most pronounced for those who are most obese. We find only minor differences in these effects across gender.
Darmody, M., Smyth, E.	2016	Primary School Principals' Job Satisfaction and Occupational Stress	Open	International Journal of Educational Management
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the factors associated with occupational stress and job satisfaction among Irish primary school principals. A principal’s job has become increasingly demanding and complex in recent decades. However, there is little current research into their levels of stress and job satisfaction, particularly based on nationally representative data. In order to understand how principals perceive their job and how best to support them, new insights into factors contributing to job satisfaction and stress of school principals are warranted. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on an analysis of Growing up in Ireland data, a national representative study of nine-year-old children in Ireland. In order to explore the simultaneous impact of individual and school factors on stress and job satisfaction of principals in Irish primary schools, multivariate analysis was used. Analyses in this paper are based on responses from principals in 898 schools. Findings The results of the study indicate that a significant number of primary school principals in Ireland are not very satisfied and feel stressed about their job. Regression analysis revealed that job satisfaction and occupational stress were related to a complex set of personal characteristics, working conditions, school context and teacher climate. Research limitations/implications The data are limited to primary school principals. However, this is in itself an advantage since it allows for greater insights into variation across principals in job satisfaction and stress, holding the effect of school level constant. Originality/value This is the first study of its kind in the Irish context that explores the simultaneous effect of a number of factors on school principals’ stress and job satisfaction. Keywords Job Satisfaction, Ireland, Occupational stress, Primary schools
Darmody, M., McGinnity, F., Kingston, G.	2016	The Experiences of Migrant Children in Ireland	Open	Cherishing All the Children Equally? Children in Ireland 100 Years on from the Easter Rising
None of the many critical moments in Ireland’s often tumultuous history was more significant or defining than the Easter Rising of 1916. Central to the Rising was the Proclamation of Independence, in which Pádraig Pearse declared the new nation’s resolve to cherish all its children equally. CHERISHING ALL THE CHILDREN EQUALLY? brings together contributions from a range of disciplines to shed light on the processes of child development and to investigate how that development is influenced by a variety of demographic, family and socio-economic factors. Making extensive use of research and data that have emerged over recent years from the Growing Up in Ireland longitudinal study of children, the book considers whether or not all children can participate fully and equitably in contemporary Irish society. It asks whether or not we do, in fact, cherish all our children equally in modern Ireland, regardless of their family circumstances, health or ethnic background. TABLES OF CONTENTS: Introduction Changing Perceptions and Experiences of Childhood, 1916-2016 Children and Families, Then & Now Is Family Structure a Source of Inequality in Children’s Lives? Parental Investment & Child Development Inequalities in Access to Early Care and Education in Ireland Inequalities from the Start? Children’s Integration into Primary School Insights into the Prevalence of Special Educational Needs The Experiences of Migrant Children in Ireland Social Variation in Child Health & Development: A Life-course Approach Child Access to GP Services in Ireland: Do User Fees Matter? Anti-Social Behaviour at Age 13 Child Economic Vulnerability Dynamics in the Recession Concluding Observations
Fahey, T., Curran, M.	2016	Children and Families, Then & Now	Open	Cherishing All the Children Equally? Children in Ireland 100 Years on from the Easter Rising
None of the many critical moments in Ireland’s often tumultuous history was more significant or defining than the Easter Rising of 1916. Central to the Rising was the Proclamation of Independence, in which Pádraig Pearse declared the new nation’s resolve to cherish all its children equally. CHERISHING ALL THE CHILDREN EQUALLY? brings together contributions from a range of disciplines to shed light on the processes of child development and to investigate how that development is influenced by a variety of demographic, family and socio-economic factors. Making extensive use of research and data that have emerged over recent years from the Growing Up in Ireland longitudinal study of children, the book considers whether or not all children can participate fully and equitably in contemporary Irish society. It asks whether or not we do, in fact, cherish all our children equally in modern Ireland, regardless of their family circumstances, health or ethnic background. TABLES OF CONTENTS: Introduction Changing Perceptions and Experiences of Childhood, 1916-2016 Children and Families, Then & Now Is Family Structure a Source of Inequality in Children’s Lives? Parental Investment & Child Development Inequalities in Access to Early Care and Education in Ireland Inequalities from the Start? Children’s Integration into Primary School Insights into the Prevalence of Special Educational Needs The Experiences of Migrant Children in Ireland Social Variation in Child Health & Development: A Life-course Approach Child Access to GP Services in Ireland: Do User Fees Matter? Anti-Social Behaviour at Age 13 Child Economic Vulnerability Dynamics in the Recession Concluding Observations
Garcia, JM., Healy, S., Rice, D.	2016	The Individual, Social, and Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity and Screen Time in Irish Children: Growing Up in Ireland Study	Open	Journal of Physical Activity and Health
Background The aim of this study was to use a social-ecological approach to examine the influence of individual, social, and environmental factors on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and screen-time in a sample of 9-year-old children in Ireland. Methods The sample was 1509 boys and girls from the Growing Up in Ireland (GUI) national study. MVPA, screen time, and individual, social, and environmental variables were assessed via questionnaires completed by children, their parents, and their teachers. Multiple regression was used to identify factors that correlated with children’s MVPA and screen-time levels. Results For boys, factors such as activity with friends (P < .0001) and popularity (P < .01) were associated with MVPA, while factors such as BMI (P < .01) and MVPA (P < .01) were associated with screen time. Similarly for girls, factors such as activity with friends (P < .0001) and sociability were associated with MVPA, however factors such as BMI (P < .05), and access to play space (P < .05) were more closely associated with screen time. Conclusion Social factors were more closely associated with MVPA, while individual factors were significantly correlated with screen time for both boys and girls. Correlates differed for boys and girls, suggesting that interventions should consider both the target population as well as the activity behavior.
Greene, S.	2016	Changing Perceptions and Experiences of Childhood, 1916-2016	Open	Cherishing All the Children Equally? Children in Ireland 100 Years on from the Easter Rising
None of the many critical moments in Ireland’s often tumultuous history was more significant or defining than the Easter Rising of 1916. Central to the Rising was the Proclamation of Independence, in which Pádraig Pearse declared the new nation’s resolve to cherish all its children equally. CHERISHING ALL THE CHILDREN EQUALLY? brings together contributions from a range of disciplines to shed light on the processes of child development and to investigate how that development is influenced by a variety of demographic, family and socio-economic factors. Making extensive use of research and data that have emerged over recent years from the Growing Up in Ireland longitudinal study of children, the book considers whether or not all children can participate fully and equitably in contemporary Irish society. It asks whether or not we do, in fact, cherish all our children equally in modern Ireland, regardless of their family circumstances, health or ethnic background. TABLES OF CONTENTS: Introduction Changing Perceptions and Experiences of Childhood, 1916-2016 Children and Families, Then & Now Is Family Structure a Source of Inequality in Children’s Lives? Parental Investment & Child Development Inequalities in Access to Early Care and Education in Ireland Inequalities from the Start? Children’s Integration into Primary School Insights into the Prevalence of Special Educational Needs The Experiences of Migrant Children in Ireland Social Variation in Child Health & Development: A Life-course Approach Child Access to GP Services in Ireland: Do User Fees Matter? Anti-Social Behaviour at Age 13 Child Economic Vulnerability Dynamics in the Recession Concluding Observations
Layte, R., McCrory, C.	2016	Social Variation in Child Health & Development: A Life-course Approach	Open	Cherishing All the Children Equally? Children in Ireland 100 Years on from the Easter Rising
None of the many critical moments in Ireland’s often tumultuous history was more significant or defining than the Easter Rising of 1916. Central to the Rising was the Proclamation of Independence, in which Pádraig Pearse declared the new nation’s resolve to cherish all its children equally. CHERISHING ALL THE CHILDREN EQUALLY? brings together contributions from a range of disciplines to shed light on the processes of child development and to investigate how that development is influenced by a variety of demographic, family and socio-economic factors. Making extensive use of research and data that have emerged over recent years from the Growing Up in Ireland longitudinal study of children, the book considers whether or not all children can participate fully and equitably in contemporary Irish society. It asks whether or not we do, in fact, cherish all our children equally in modern Ireland, regardless of their family circumstances, health or ethnic background. TABLES OF CONTENTS: Introduction Changing Perceptions and Experiences of Childhood, 1916-2016 Children and Families, Then & Now Is Family Structure a Source of Inequality in Children’s Lives? Parental Investment & Child Development Inequalities in Access to Early Care and Education in Ireland Inequalities from the Start? Children’s Integration into Primary School Insights into the Prevalence of Special Educational Needs The Experiences of Migrant Children in Ireland Social Variation in Child Health & Development: A Life-course Approach Child Access to GP Services in Ireland: Do User Fees Matter? Anti-Social Behaviour at Age 13 Child Economic Vulnerability Dynamics in the Recession Concluding Observations
Layte, R., Nolan, A.	2016	Child Access to GP Services: Do User Fees Matter?	Open	Cherishing All the Children Equally? Children in Ireland 100 Years on from the Easter Rising
Chapter 11 discusses healthcare use among children and the extent to which the current system of healthcare financing in Ireland leads, in particular, to differences in patterns of the use of GP services by children that are not predicted by their need for healthcare. The analysis investigates not only variations in use levels but also considers the demand implications of future policy proposals around extending free GP care to further cohorts of children.
Madden, D.	2016	Child and Adolescent Obesity in Ireland: A Longitudinal Perspective	Open	UCD Centre for Economic Research Working Paper Series
This paper examines developments in childhood and adolescent obesity in Ireland using two waves of the Growing Up in Ireland survey. Obesity appears to level off between the two waves though there is tentative evidence that the socioeconomic gradient, measured with respect to maternal education and family income, becomes steeper. Exploiting the longitudinal nature of the data, transitions into and out of obesity are examined, with higher rates of transition into obesity observed for those whose mothers have the lowest level of education. Decomposition of the concentration index with respect to income reveals a greater role for income related obesity mobility rather than obesity related income mobility.
McCoy, S., Maitre, B., Watson, D.	2016	The Role of Disability and Parental Expectations in Child Wellbeing	Open	ESRI Research Bulletin
This study identified ways to improve the social and educational outcomes of children with disabilities, including informing parents about the school and post-school options available.
McCoy, S., Maitre, B., Watson, D., Banks, J.	2016	The role of parental expectations in understanding social and academic well-being among children with disabilities in Ireland	Open	European Journal of Special Needs Education
This paper draws on longitudinal data to examine the extent to which parents’ educational expectations shape academic development and changes in self-concept among young people with different types of disability. The analysis is based on the Growing Up in Ireland longitudinal study, which tracked 7423 children between the primary to secondary school years, 21% of whom were identified with one of four main disability types. Our conceptual framework assumes that parental expectations at age 9 will be influenced by both the child’s disability and child’s academic achievement at that stage, as well as being influenced by other factors such as parent’s own education, family economic vulnerability, family relationships and family structure. Therefore, we take these factors into account in tracing the consequences of parental expectations at age 9, on academic and social outcomes at age 13 after the transition to secondary education. Among young people with a disability, poorer self-concept at age 13 is partly explained by lower parental expectations, particularly for those with general learning and emotional/behavioural disabilities. Similarly, parental expectations are a significant influence on children’s academic outcomes and partly explain the effects of disability status on academic development. Parents’ beliefs about their children’s abilities have a strong influence on achievement and self-concept, raising important issues around the need to promote equality of opportunity, raising awareness of the educational opportunities available, promoting positive expectations and engagement with school and the importance of promoting a range of opportunities for achievement. Keywords Parental expectations, socio-economic background, disability type, examination performance, self-concept
McCoy, S., Banks, J., Shevlin, M.	2016	Insights into the Prevalence of Special Educational Needs	Open	Cherishing All the Children Equally? Children in Ireland 100 Years on from the Easter Rising
Chapter 8 examines aspects of provision for children with special educational needs and considers their inclusion within Irish mainstream education in recent years. It considers how much of the education and care of children with special needs in the early decades of the 20th century was provided by religious orders before going on to discuss how, since the early 1990s, there has been a substantial shift in focus from segregated educational provision towards a more inclusive view of special education, mainly delivered within mainstream schools. In particular, the chapter considers the proportion of children with special educational needs and variations in levels according to the background characteristics of the children in question.
Crowe, M., Sullivan, A., McGrath, C., Cassetti, O., Swords, L., O'Sullivan, M.	2017	Early Childhoof Dental Problems: Classification Tree Analyses	Open	JDR Clinical and Translational Research
Investigations into the wider bioecological understanding of dental problems in early childhood are limited in national surveys. Classification tree analysis (CTA) was used to explore multilevel interactions among key aspects of child and primary caregiver (PCG) psychosocial and physical health affecting dental problems in preschool children. Data were derived from the Growing Up in Ireland study, a nationally representative sample of 9-mo-olds (N = 11,134) in 2007/2008 followed up at age 3 y (N = 9,793) in 2010/2011. Analysis included PCG reports of children’s dental problems, general health, temperament, emotional and behavioral difficulties, and their own general health, stress and depression, relationship, and sociodemographic variables. Misclassification costs were specified for the model by applying a higher penalty for misclassifying those with a dental problem (minority class). Logistic regression analyses were carried out for comparison. Dental problems were reported among 302 infants (2.7%) at 9 mo of age and 493 children (5.0%) at 3 y. CTA identified infant temperament (Infant Characteristics Questionnaire unpredictable) as the primary predictor of dental problems at 9 mo and child global health at 3 y of age. First-level predictors were PCG depression score and use of a soother at 9 mo and PCG ethnicity and unscheduled hospital visits at 3 y of age. Regression analyses results supported the most important predictors at 9 mo and 3 y of age. The CTA model for 9-mo-old infants had a specificity of 90.4%, sensitivity of 31.2%, and overall accuracy of 88.8% while that for 3-y-olds had a specificity of 58.5%, sensitivity of 66%, and overall accuracy of 59%. Key aspects of infant/child and PCG health, as well as psychosocial characteristics associated with reported dental problems, should be considered in future multidisciplinary approaches to child health. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this data analysis should help raise awareness among clinicians of how primary caregiver and child psychosocial and general health factors are associated with early childhood dental problems, even before the primary dentition is complete. Classification tree analysis visually demonstrates how factors such as infant temperament (9 mo) and child global health (3 y) can interact at multiple levels and affect different subgroups of the child population. Future intervention strategies for oral health should involve consideration of the psychological and general health characteristics of the young child and PCG at both the patient and population levels. This knowledge could assist decision makers adopt an integrated multidisciplinary approach in formulating a coherent oral health policy for preschool children.
Crowe, M., O'Sullivan, M., Cassetti, O., O'Sullivan, A.	2017	Weight status and dental problems in early childhood: Classifcation tree analysis of a national cohort	Open	Dentistry Journal
A poor quality diet may be a common risk factor for both obesity and dental problems such as caries. The aim of this paper is to use classification tree analysis (CTA) to identify predictors of dental problems in a nationally representative cohort of Irish pre-school children. CTA was used to classify variables and describe interactions between multiple variables including socio-demographics, dietary intake, health-related behaviour, body mass index (BMI) and a dental problem. Data were derived from the second (2010/2011) wave of the ‘Growing Up in Ireland’ study (GUI) infant cohort at 3 years, n = 9793. The prevalence of dental problems was 5.0% (n = 493). The CTA model showed a sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 58.5% and overall correctly classified 59% of children. Ethnicity was the most significant predictor of dental problems followed by longstanding illness or disability, mother’s BMI and household income. The highest prevalence of dental problems was among children who were obese or underweight with a longstanding illness and an overweight mother. Frequency of intake of some foods showed interactions with the target variable. Results from this research highlight the interconnectedness of weight status, dental problems and general health and reinforce the importance of adopting a common risk factor approach when dealing with prevention of these diseases. Keywords: body mass index; diet; dental problem; classification tree
Darmody, M., Daly, T.	2017	Attitudes towards the Irish Language on the Island of Ireland	Open	Foras na Gaeilge
This report explores factors influencing attitudes to, and the use of, the Irish language on the island of Ireland. In so doing, the report draws, first and foremost, on 2013 Irish Language Survey. In order to explore changes in attitudes over time, the study also draws on earlier (2001) survey data. Further insights into overall trends will be provided by the analysis of Census data. Given that attitudes are often shaped by schooling, the study also draws on the Growing Up in Ireland study (9-year-cohort) as well as the Irish Post Primary Longitudinal Study (PPLS) which indicate student perspectives on Irish.
Darmody, M., Smyth, E.	2017	Profile of second-level students exempt from studying Irish	Open	ESRI Working Paper No.527
Drawing on curriculum differentiation theory, this paper discusses exemptions from learning Irish granted to Irish post-primary students. In order to explore the profile of students granted such exemptions, the study utilises data from a national longitudinal study, Growing Up in Ireland. Additional information is provided by administrative data collected by the Department of Education and Skills to show trends in the number of exemptions granted over time. The findings show that factors impacting on being exempt include gender, social class, having a special educational need at primary school and being born outside Ireland. Keyword(s): post-primary schools, curriculum differentiation, exemptions from Irish, Ireland
Girard, L.C., Doyle, O., Tremblay, R.E.	2017	Breastfeeding, cognitive and noncognitive development in early childhood: a population study.	Open	Pediatrics
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There is mixed evidence from correlational studies that breastfeeding impacts children’s development. Propensity score matching with large samples can be an effective tool to remove potential bias from observed confounders in correlational studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of breastfeeding on children’s cognitive and noncognitive development at 3 and 5 years of age. METHODS Participants included ∼8000 families from the Growing Up in Ireland longitudinal infant cohort, who were identified from the Child Benefit Register and randomly selected to participate. Parent and teacher reports and standardized assessments were used to collect information on children’s problem behaviors, expressive vocabulary, and cognitive abilities at age 3 and 5 years. Breastfeeding information was collected via maternal report. Propensity score matching was used to compare the average treatment effects on those who were breastfed. RESULTS Before matching, breastfeeding was associated with better development on almost every outcome. After matching and adjustment for multiple testing, only 1 of the 13 outcomes remained statistically significant: children’s hyperactivity (difference score, –0.84; 95% confidence interval, –1.33 to –0.35) at age 3 years for children who were breastfed for at least 6 months. No statistically significant differences were observed postmatching on any outcome at age 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Although 1 positive benefit of breastfeeding was found by using propensity score matching, the effect size was modest in practical terms. No support was found for statistically significant gains at age 5 years, suggesting that the earlier observed benefit from breastfeeding may not be maintained once children enter school.

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